University of Mississippi Libraries Presidential Impeachment Exhibit
“…Bribery, and Other High Crimes and Misdemeanors…”: A History of Presidential Impeachment Investigations
What does the constitution say about impeachment?
- Article I, Section 2, Clause 5: The House of Representatives…shall have the sole Power of Impeachment
- Article I, Section 2, Clause 6: The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two-thirds of the Members present.
- Article I, Section 2, Clause 7: Judgement in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: buy the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law
- Article II, Section 4: The President, Vice President and all Civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors
How the impeachment process works
If the House votes to impeach the president, the trial is held in the Senate
In an impeachment trial, the Chief Justice of the United States presides over the trial, House leaders act as prosecutors, the White House appoints the president’s defense team, and the Senate acts as the jury
At the end of the trial, the Senate (the jury) votes on whether to remove the president from office (a two-thirds majority is required)
If found guilty, the president is removed from office. Any fines or imprisonment for crimes committed while in office are left to civil courts
What is impeachable?
James Madison wrote in 1787 that there had to be a way to defend against “incapacity, negligence or perfidy of the chief executive” because the president might “pervert his administration” or “betray his trust to foreign powers.” Alexander Hamilton described the standard in 1788 as “abuse or violation of some public trust.”
Legal experts also stress that this punishment was not intended to be used when Congress disagrees with the president’s policy decisions.”
- Sarah D. Wire, “Lawmakers are studying ‘what’s impeachable.’ Do you know?”
U.S. Presidents who have been the subjects of formal impeachment proceedings
ANDREW JOHNSON
U.S. House of Representatives Action/Charge:
Impeached February 24, 1868, on charges of violating the Tenure of Office Act by removing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton from Office
U.S. Senate Trial:
February 25-May 26, 1868
Result: Acquitted
RICHARD NIXON
BILL CLINTON
U.S. House of Representatives Action/Charge:
Impeached December 19, 1998, on charges of lying under oath to a federal grand jury and obstruction of justice
U.S. Senate Trial:
January 7 – February 12, 1999
Result: Acquitted
DONALD TRUMP
U.S. House of Representatives Action/Charge:
Impeached December 18, 2019, on charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress
U.S. Senate Trial: TBD
Result:
TBD
Select documents related to past impeachment proceedings
Dobrovir, William A., Joseph D Gebhardt, Samuel J. Buffone, and Andra N. Oakes.
Field, Van Tassel Emily, and Paul Finkelman.
Gerhardt, Michael J.
Got the Impeach Bush-Cheney Blues, n.d.
Hearn, Chester G.
Kaplan, Leonard V., and Beverly I. Moran, eds.
Malti-Douglas, Fedwa.
Morris, Irwin Lester.
Ogilvie, Lloyd John.
Starr, Kenneth.
United States Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary.
United States Congress. Senate. Office of the Secretary.
United States Congress. Senate.
Additional sources consulted:
“Reports on Impeachment.” Congressional Research Service. https://crsreports.congress.gov/search/#/?termsToSearch=impeachment&orderBy=Relevance
“How Impeachment Works.” Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, December 19, 2019. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-12-19/how-impeachment-works.
Wire, Sarah D. “Lawmakers Are Studying ‘What’s Impeachable.’ Do You Know?” Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, December 4, 2019. https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-12-04/how-lawmakers-are-studying-up-to-answer-whats-impeachable.
Exhibit Curator:
Adam Clemons